Elsevier

Molecular Metabolism

Volume 4, Issue 1, January 2015, Pages 51-57
Molecular Metabolism

Brief communication
Fructose ingestion acutely stimulates circulating FGF21 levels in humans

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molmet.2014.09.008Get rights and content
Under a Creative Commons license
open access

Abstract

Objective

Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a hormone with pleiotropic metabolic activities which, in rodents, is robustly regulated by fasting and ketogenic diets. In contrast, similar dietary interventions have either no or minimal effects on circulating FGF21 in humans. Moreover, no intervention or dietary challenge has been shown to acutely stimulate circulating FGF21 in either humans or animals. Recent animal data suggest that the transcription factor Carbohydrate Responsive-Element Binding Protein (ChREBP) stimulates hepatic FGF21 expression and that fructose may activate hepatic ChREBP more robustly than glucose. Here, we examined whether fructose ingestion can acutely stimulate FGF21 in humans.

Methods

We measured serum FGF21, glucose, insulin, and triglyceride levels in ten lean, healthy adults and eleven adults with the metabolic syndrome following oral ingestion of 75 g of glucose, fructose, or a combination of the two sugars.

Results

FGF21 levels rose rapidly following fructose ingestion, achieved a mean 3.4-fold increase at two hours (P < 0.01), and returned to baseline levels within five hours. In contrast, FGF21 did not increase in the first two hours following ingestion of a glucose load, although more modest increases were observed after three to four hours. Both baseline and fructose-stimulated FGF21 levels were 2–3 fold elevated in subjects with metabolic syndrome.

Conclusions

Fructose ingestion acutely and robustly increases serum FGF21 levels in humans in a pattern consistent with a hormonal response. While FGF21 appears to be critical for the adaptive response to fasting or starvation in rodents, these findings suggest that in humans, FGF21 may play an important role in fructose metabolism.

Keywords

FGF21
Fructose
ChREBP
Metabolic syndrome

Cited by (0)

3

Jody R. Dushay and Elena Toschi contributed equally to this work.

4

Mark A. Herman and Eleftheria Maratos-Flier contributed equally to this work.